Merge join cartesian tips Oracle Tips by Burleson Consulting  December 12, 2007

The use of a merge join cartesian is very expensive to Oracle, and are only appropriate in rare cases where one of the tables has a very small number of rows.

There are several reasons that your SQL will do a Cartesian join.  Cartesian joins can also be caused by:

• Missing table join condition to WHERE clause - As for the cartesian merge join, first, carefully check your WHERE clause to ensure that you have provided the proper join conditions (e.g. where a.primary_key= b.foreign_key).
   

• Optimizer bugs (see _optimizer_transitivity_retain)
   

• Suboptimal metadata - Incomplete or stale schema statistics can cause a merge join cartesian.  This thread notes that 10g dynamic sampling removed a merge join cartesian, taking a query down from 240 sec. to 20 sec. a 12x performance improvement using 10g dynamic sampling to remove the merge join cartesian:

SELECT /*+ dynamic_sampling(l1 1) dynamic_sampling(l3 1) dynamic_sampling(l2 1) dynamic_sampling(1 1) dynamic_sampling(a 1) */
a.deptid, l2.tree_node_num, a.ACCOUNT, SUM (a.posted_total_amt)
FROM PS_LEDGER a,
PSTREESELECT10 l1,
PSTREESELECT15 l2,
PSTREESELECT10 l3,
PSTREESELECT05 l . . .

 

Optimizer Issues with merge join Cartesian

As of 10g and beyond the optimizer will seldom invoke an inappropriate merge join cartesian (due to bugs with transitive closure where a join condition is lost to the optimizer.  Starting in 10g, the undocumented parameter _optimizer_transitivity_retain=true which causes issues, especially when query_rewrite_enabled=true.

Oracle ACE Syed Jaffar published an interesting issue with a Oracle9i merge join cartesian, noting a query that was taking 5 minutes on AIX yet ran for two days on an equivalent 9i HP/UX platform:

Following is the query and its execution plan on AIX and HP.

SELECT max(as_of_date), max(cust_code), nvl(abs(sum(run_offs_sar)), 0),
nvl(abs(sum(inst_amt_sar)), 0), nvl(abs(sum(bal_sar)), 0)
FROM account a
WHERE acct_no = '00100100120'
AND as_of_date = (SELECT max(as_of_date)
FROM account b
WHERE b.acct_no = a.acct_no
AND b.run_offs_sar <> 0)

Execution Plan (AIX)
---------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=602 Card=1 Bytes=55)
1 0 SORT (AGGREGATE)
2 1 VIEW (Cost=602 Card=1 Bytes=55)
3 2 FILTER
4 3 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=602 Card=1 Bytes=75)
5 4 HASH JOIN (Cost=529 Card=167 Bytes=12525)
6 5 PARTITION RANGE (ALL)
7 6 TABLE ACCESS (BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID) OF 'A_ACCOUNT' (Cost=264 Card=167 Bytes=4509)
8 7 INDEX (SKIP SCAN) OF 'IDX_DT_ACCT_FLAG' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=189 Card=167)
9 5 PARTITION RANGE (ALL)
10 9 TABLE ACCESS (BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID) OF 'A_ACCOUNT' (Cost=264 Card=167 Bytes=8016)
11 10 INDEX (SKIP SCAN) OF 'IDX_DT_ACCT_FLAG' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=189 Card=167)

Execution Plan (HP)
---------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=630319908 Card=1 Bytes=55)
1 0 SORT (AGGREGATE)
2 1 VIEW (Cost=630319908 Card=1602 Bytes=88110)
3 2 FILTER
4 3 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=630319908 Card=1602 Bytes=107334)
5 4 MERGE JOIN (CARTESIAN) (
7 6 Cost=630319180 Card=225809 Bytes=15129203)
6 5 PARTITION RANGE (ALL)TABLE ACCESS (BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID) OF 'A_ACCOUNT' (Cost=700 Card=440 Bytes=10560)
8 7 INDEX (SKIP SCAN) OF 'IDX_DT_ACCT_FLAG' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=519 Card=513)
9 5 BUFFER (SORT) (Cost=630319208 Card=513 Bytes=22059)
10 9 PARTITION RANGE (ALL)
11 10 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'A_ACCOUNT' (Cost=1432542 Card=513 Bytes=22059)

I found that the only difference was in the setting of the ‘query_rewrite_enabled’ parameter. On AIX this parameter was set to TRUE and on HP it was at the default setting of FALSE.

After setting this parameter to TRUE on HP, the query achieved the same response time as on AIX.

There is a (hidden) parameter _optimizer_transitivity_retain which is set to true in version 10g. This over comes the big problem of transitive closure behavior when query_rewrite_enabled is not set to true.
 

Here are my additional notes on merge join cartesian:

• removing expensive "merge join cartesian"

• Tuning Oracle SQL with Global Temporary Tables

• Oracle Articles

• Oracle STAR Transformations and SQL

 

If you like Oracle tuning, you might enjoy my book "Oracle Tuning: The Definitive Reference", with 950 pages of tuning tips and scripts.  You can buy it direct from the publisher for 30%-off and get instant access to the code depot of Oracle tuning scripts.